One of the worst ways for the human population to be thinned is to die from disease. Millions of people each year have perished as a result of one of any number of seemingly unstoppable diseases. Throughout history mankind has suffered the crippling and mortal effects of a ravaging disease brought on by any number of target factors ranging from animals to one single human host. Here are but ten, in no particular order, that have decimated humankind since the earliest recordings.
10. The Black Death - 75 million Deaths
The Black Death, or The Black Plague, was one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. It probably began in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 20 to 30 million deaths in Europe alone. The Black Death is estimated to have killed between one-third and two-thirds of Europe’s population. [Wikipedia]
9. Polio - 10,000 Deaths since 1916
Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term derives from the Greek polio (πολίός), meaning “grey”, myelon (µυελός), “spinal cord”, and -itis, which denotes inflammation. Although roughly 90% of polio infections are asymptomatic, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream. In less than 1% of polio cases the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. [Wikipedia]
8. Smallpox - Native Americans suffer a population drop from 12 Mil. to 235,000
Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. Smallpox is caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The deadlier form, V. major, has a mortality rate of 30–35%, while V. minor causes a milder form of disease called alastrim and kills ~1% of its victims. Long-term side-effects for survivors include the characteristic skin scars. Occasional side effects include blindness due to corneal ulcerations and infertility in male survivors. Smallpox killed an estimated 60 million Europeans, including five reigning European monarchs, in the 18th century alone. Up to 30% of those infected, including 80% of the children under 5 years of age, died from the disease, and one third of the survivors became blind. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated from nature. [Wikipedia]
7. Cholera - 12,000 Deaths since 1991
Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is an extreme diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Transmission to humans is by ingesting contaminated water or food. The major reservoir for cholera was long assumed to be humans, but some evidence suggests that it is the aquatic environment. In its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known—a healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided. More commonly, the disease progresses from the first liquid stool to shock in 4-12 hours, with death following in 18 hours to several days without rehydration treatment. [Wikipedia]
6. Ebola - 160,000 Deaths since 2000
The Ebola virus first emerged in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. It is known to be a zoonotic virus as it is currently devastating the populations of lowland gorillas in Central Africa. Despite considerable effort by the World Health Organization, no animal reservoir capable of sustaining the virus between outbreaks has been identified. However, it has been hypothesized that the most likely candidate is the fruit bat. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is potentially lethal and encompasses a range of symptoms including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain or malaise, and sometimes internal and external bleeding. Mortality rates are generally very high, in the region of 80% – 90%, with the cause of death usually due to hypovolemic shock or organ failure. [Wikipedia]
5. Malaria - 2.7 Million Deaths per year-2800 children per day
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan
parasites. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions,
including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, it causes
disease in approximately 515 million people and kills between one and
three million, most of them young children in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, but is also a cause of
poverty and a major hindrance to economic development. Malaria is one of
the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health
problem. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus
Plasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused by
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, but other related species
can also infect humans. Although some are under development, no vaccine
is currently available for malaria; preventative drugs must be taken
continuously to reduce the risk of infection. [Wikipedia]
4. Bubonic Plague - 250 Million Europeans Dead (1/3 population)
Bubonic plague is mainly a disease in rodents and fleas (Xenopsylla
cheopsis). Infection in a human occurs when a person is bitten by a flea
that has been infected by biting a rodent that itself has been infected
by the bite of a flea carrying the disease. The bacteria multiply
inside the flea, sticking together to form a plug that blocks its
stomach and causes it to begin to starve. The flea then voraciously
bites a host and continues to feed, even though it can not quell its
hunger, and consequently the flea vomits blood tainted with the bacteria
back into the bite wound. The bubonic plague bacterium then infects a
new victim, and the flea eventually dies from starvation. Any serious
outbreak of plague is usually started by other disease outbreaks in
rodents, or a rise in the rodent population. [Wikipedia]
3. Spanish Flu - Between 1918-19: 50-100 Million dead
The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was a
category 5 influenza pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly
Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. Many of its victims were
healthy young adults, in contrast to most influenza outbreaks which
predominantly affect juvenile, elderly, or otherwise weakened patients.
The Spanish flu pandemic lasted from 1918 to 1919, spreading even to the
Arctic and remote Pacific islands. While older estimates put the number
of killed at 40–50 million people, current estimates are that 50
million to 100 million people worldwide died, possibly more than that
taken by the Black Death. This extraordinary toll resulted from the
extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of
the symptoms, suspected to be caused by cytokine storms. Between 2 and
20% of those infected by Spanish flu died, as opposed to the normal flu
epidemic mortality rate of 0.1%. In some remote Inuit villages,
mortality rates of nearly 100% were recorded. [Wikipedia]
2. Influenza - 36,000 Deaths per year
Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds
and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the
influenza viruses). In humans, common symptoms of influenza infection
are fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing,
weakness and general discomfort. In more serious cases, influenza causes
pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in young children and the
elderly. Sometimes confused with the common cold, influenza is a much
more severe disease and is caused by a different type of virus. Although
nausea and vomiting can be produced, especially in children, these
symptoms are more characteristic of the unrelated gastroenteritis, which
is sometimes called “stomach flu” or “24-hour flu.” Typically,
influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs
or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected
birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by
saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. Infections also occur through
contact with these body fluids or with contaminated surfaces. [Wikipedia]
1. AIDS - 25 Million since 1981
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections
resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans, and similar viruses in
other species (SIV, FIV, etc.). The late stage of the condition leaves
individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although
treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to decelerate the virus’ progression,
there is currently no known cure. HIV, et al., are transmitted through
direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily
fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal
fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of anal,
vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles,
exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or
breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. Most
researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during
the twentieth century; it is now a pandemic, with an estimated 38.6
million people now living with the disease worldwide. [Wikipedia]
This article is licensed under the GFDL. It uses material from the Wikipedia articles cited above.
Contributor: StewWriter
Source: http://listverse.com/2007/11/15/top-10-worst-diseases/
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